![]() ![]() We dragged our clip on the timeline, and the program had no trouble creating an audio and video channel for it. Our experience was nothing but hassle-freeĪdding our stuff was easy, and this was facilitated by the media browser, which acts as a storage tab of sorts, where you can drop in the videos and images you want to work with for the current project. The colorized Vectorscope and improved histogram additionally serve to further empower your video editing and grading. There's more than just AI work at play here: under-the-hood improvements for faster GPU rendering and playback have been made, and deeper color management options for newer formats like HEVC and H.264 are also present. ![]() Auto-Match, too, works in the same vein: the artificial intelligence embedded into the software will perform color correction on your videos based on your preferences. For instance, formatting your clips for certain aspect ratios - for example, posting on social media - is now easier with Auto Reframe, which intelligently reframes your clip while keeping the important content at the center of the frame.Īutomatic transcriptions are also on offer here, and they can turn your dialogue into captions through Adobe's own AI engine, with just a few inputs from your part. This program comes equipped with some features that help boost your efficiency that much more. Reformat, create captions, improve your footage with AI, and more This is an app often used in professional circles, and it's easy to see why. What is most true about this program is that it can take you as far as your capabilities allow. Inputting new effects, editing parts of your videos, adding music, and so forth, are things you can introduce just by moving into the timeline. The drag and drop is a function you'll be using quite often here. As such, if something is taking up too much space or is otherwise unnecessary for your current project, you can dispense with it to make space for another element. When first delving into this app, one will immediately notice the modular interface, which can be freely resized and changed to fit the user's needs. Intuitive software, designed for scalability The integrated AI can help you reformat, create captions, and improve your footage's look instantly, or you can do that manually by going to the respective menus for some tuning, which can be as in-depth as you make it: modify the curves, tints, as well as the overall grading of your work, down to the most granular levels. Adding your videos and navigating through them is easy, and modifying is much the same: whether you introduce effects, graphics, and various other media, such as images and audio, or just want to use templates - it's all possible here. It is among the most comprehensive tools one can use when it comes to such work.Īdobe has equipped this software with an expansive set of features, meant to ensure there's nothing it can't do when it comes to making your videos look their best. There are perhaps only a few programs more popular for video editing than Adobe Premiere Pro, and frankly, it needs no additional description. ![]()
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![]() ![]() The resolution of the original image is 0. NASAs Curiosity rover has uncovered signs of an ancient. El pasado 2 de junio se cumplieron 20 años del lanzamiento de la sonda Mars Express, una misión espacial que ha permitido, según la Agencia Espacial Europea. Past photos of its landscape have revealed images of spoons, squirrels, campfires and women wearing dresses, Gizmodo reports. It has been enhanced to bring out the details (noise reduced and contrast enhanced). They carried the 52mm Vega and 350mm Zulfar phototelevision cameras (later used on Mars-4 and 5), carrying enough film for 480 photos per camera. This February 3, 2013, image provided by NASA shows a self portrait of the Mars rover, Curiosity. NASA released an artistic interpretation of a Mars landscape in which they added color to a composite photograph of two black-and-white panoramic images captured by its Curiosity Mars rover. The planetary portal is just the latest in a long list of familiar-looking objects space enthusiasts have seen on Mars. “I think what we have here either two vertical fractures, where the middle piece has been removed, or one vertical fracture, and the blocks have moved apart a little bit,” Vasavada said. “So what if it’s only a few inches? How do we know what size our overlords will actually be?” one conspiracy theorist posted on Reddit. His Debbie Downer statement has not dimmed the Martian rumor mill. The doorway would have been carved by very tiny Martians: the rocky fracture is only a foot tall, Vasavada said. Mars is one of the most explored bodies in our solar system, and its the only planet where weve sent rovers to roam the alien landscape. The image of what looks to be a symmetrical, created Martian portal, captured May 7 by NASA’s Curiosity rover, has ignited a cosmic array of speculation. In reality, “it’s just the space between two fractures in a rock,” Mars Science Laboratory project scientist Ashwin Vasavada told tech site Gizmodo on Friday, adding “we’ve been traversing through an area that has formed from ancient sand dunes.” Those dunes cement together through the eons, creating rocky outcrops, while shifting sands would reveal different images of the planet’s surface over time. “If you zoom in all the way you can see Matt Damon crouching inside the doorway,” noted one wise guy on Reddit. The image of what looks to be a symmetrical, hand-hewn Martian portal, captured May 7 by NASA’s Curiosity rover, has ignited a cosmic array of speculation, conspiracy theories and dreams of intelligent life on the red planet. It’s not a stairway to heaven – it’s a doorway on Mars. Why the hottest place on Earth is being used to understand aliens Download royalty-free stock photos, vectors, HD footage and more on Adobe Stock. The moon will also be close to Regulus in the constellation Leo.Īll of these sights can be seen with the naked eye, but for a spectacular close-up of Da Vinci glow on the lunar surface a pair of stargazing binoculars or a telescope will help.European Space Agency’s first-ever livestream from Mars interrupted by rain - on Earthīaby names herself from womb, mom on TikTok insists: ‘I’m sticking with it’ Search from thousands of royalty-free Mars stock images and video for your. brings you the latest images, videos and news from Americas space agency. The final sight of the week occurs the following evening when, on Thursday, June 22, a 21% illuminated crescent moon will align once again with Mars and Venus, but this time from above the pair. Image: Mars Exploration Rover Mission, JPL, NASA Some 16 years later, scientists remain in disagreement about these so-called blueberries, but they’re (probably) not biological in nature. Mars, Venus, and the shining crescent moon will align on the summer solstice (June 21) (Image credit. As the latest image reveals, the Mars rover Curiosity is a huge leap. Look out for Da Vinci glow on the moon once again. This image looks like it could have been taken out on the sandy slopes of Texas. ![]() The start of astronomical summer in the Northern Hemisphere will be marked by a right-angle triangle of Mars, Venus and a 13% illuminated crescent moon, though dim mars may be hard to spot without binoculars or a good small telescope. Perhaps the best view of the three bodies comes on Wednesday, June 21 during the first twilight following the start of the summer solstice, according to. The river was part of a network of waterways that flowed into Jezero Crater, the area the rover has been exploring since landing more than two. Please see the THEMIS Data Citation Note for details on crediting THEMIS images. New images taken by NASA’s Perseverance rover may show signs of what was once a rollicking river on Mars, one that was deeper and faster-moving than scientists have ever seen evidence for in the past. Why can we sometimes see the moon in the daytime? Orbit Number: 94070 Latitude: 31.603 Longitude: 152.174 Instrument: VIS Captured: 00:51. New 'quasi-moon' discovered near Earth has been traveling alongside our planet since 100 B.C. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Next, select Select one and choose Wrap (forward the original message as attachment and stamp the forward) as a fallback option. Under Do the following, leave Append the disclaimer selected, select Enter text and type your disclaimer. Find the list of available conditions here. It is also possible to select the conditions that will trigger the rule. In the new rule window, give the rule a name and configure the settings according to your needs. Select the + (Add) icon and choose Apply disclaimers. In the Exchange admin center under Mail flow, select Rules. Select Admin centers, and then choose Exchange. Go to the admin center at, select the app launcher, and then select Admin. To create a signature that applies to all messages: You will be guaranteed that signatures are stamped on all outgoing messages and if your Active Directory is correctly populated with the attributes you want to include (like phone number), the outbound signature will be complete. The advantage of this approach is a guaranteed consistency in signatures. It is possible to set it up to apply to all incoming and outgoing messages or you can apply it to certain messages like those containing specific words or text patterns. You can manage email signatures by adding an email signature, legal disclaimer, or disclosure statement to the email messages that enter or leave your organization. jpg format for example) for your signature isn’t supported, but you can copy an image from a webpage and paste it into the signature box.Ĭreate your company-wide Office 365 email signature using Exchange Transport Rules. In the text box, type your signature and use the available formatting options to change its appearance. You can have only one signature per account. Under Email signature, type your signature and use the available formatting options to change its appearance. Go to Settings > View all Outlook settings > Compose and reply. To create an email signature for Outlook on the web: To add the signature manually, select Signature from the Message menu and then pick the signature you have just created. Choose OK to save your new signature and return to your message.Otherwise, accept the default option of (none). If you want your signature to appear in the messages you reply to and forward, in the Replies/forwards drop-down, select one of your signatures. ![]() You can have different signatures for each email account. In the E-mail account drop-down box, choose an email account to associate with the signature. Under Choose default signature, set the following options for your signature: To add images to your signature, see Add a logo or image to your signature. Just download the templates in Word, customize them with your personal information, and then copy and paste them into the Edit signature box. Microsoft offers pre-designed templates for your signature. You can add links and images, change fonts, font colors, and sizes, as well as text alignment. ![]() Under Edit signature, compose your signature. Under Select signature to edit, choose New, and in the New Signature dialog box, type a name for the signature.
![]() ![]() Work collaboratively with team members across functions in order to deliver outstanding customer service and make Home Surplus a great place to work.Gather competitive intelligence and customer feedback, and communicate that information to managers to foster a culture of continuous improvement.Use company systems to communicate with precision and drive process efficiency.Master the Home Surplus product screen, while also learning how our products and service capabilities compare to major competitors.Meet or exceed customer expectations via an encouraging, well-informed, consultative approach in order to drive repeat and referral business. ![]()
![]() New actors within the shipping services sector include international tracking specialists, such as Ship24. Third-party operators can sometimes be involved in the handling of goods at some point, for instance, China Post EMS may initially receive the parcel and the EMS service will be responsible for overseeing the delivery of the order, however, they will organize with another handling service to deliver the parcel when the package has left China, such as TNT in Europe or UPS in North America.Ī fourth party is sometimes involved as an independent actor which helps provide and organize delivery options for the first party by acting as an intermediary between them and multiple third-party logistic providers. The third party is the logistics solution service, and it is responsible for coordinating the end-to-end delivery of goods provided by the first party via the services offered by the second party. They need international tracking to deliver on their promise to move the goods from point A to point B. The second part is the physical shipping company, they are responsible for moving the goods and are paid to do so, making them responsible for the successful movement of the goods. ![]() The first party cares about international tracking because they want to make sure the movement of goods is done on time and there are no disruptions in the supply chain. The so-called first party is the seller or producer who supplies the goods which will need to be transported from one place to another. These actors can be broken down into first, second, third, and fourth parties, all of which fulfill a different role in international shipping and international parcel tracking. International shipping involves a number of different actors who operate different parts of the shipment process, which in turn affects international tracking services. Who is involved in international tracking? You can either choose to track a few parcels at the same time for free or can take advantage of professional international tracking services designed for businesses with our webhook and tracking API options. Ship24 offers international package tracking to meet your needs as an individual or business. ![]() Ship24 offers just that, and its inbuilt powerful automatic courier detection and AI-learning capability, have made it a leading international parcel tracking service. Ship24 was started by shipping experts, with vast experience in the sector, who identified the need for a powerful, one-stop shop for international package tracking. ![]() This is what led to the creation of Ship24. In an increasingly digitalized world, the ability for consumers to have access to more and more products from around the world through web-based marketplaces has seen a huge increase in demand for international shipping options, which in turn has caused the need for international parcel tracking services. International tracking has become a lot easier due to the evolution of the internet and the continued development of the shipping sector on the whole. It was only as recently as in the last 50 or so years where parcel tracking has been available, with international parcel tracking even more recent. Why has international tracking become so important?Īrguably, being able to have international package tracking on orders has always been important, but there has not always been the ability to do so. If the parcel does not go directly from China to the US by plane, it may be handled by another carrier along its journey, such as by GEODIS or DHL in Europe, before finally being handed over to a last-leg courier in the US, which will usually be FedEx or UPS or even USPS. Firstly, Chinese first-leg logistics and forwarding companies will likely be involved in the pick-up and/or initial dispatch of the product, such as companies like Cainiao, 4PX, or even via China Post EMS. This is because in most cases, global shipping involves multiple handlers in the journey of a package.įor example, if a buyer in the USA was to order a product from a Chinese marketplace, such as BangGood, it will most likely be handled by a number of different couriers along its journey to the US-based buyer. Any registered parcel or package which is being sent from one destination to another will have tracking capability, and third-party tracking companies - such as Ship24 - are emerging as the best option for international tracking solutions for both individuals and businesses. International tracking can be done by buyers and sellers and it covers businesses to businesses or business to consumer sales. ![]() International tracking in shipping involves international parcel tracking or international package tracking of goods worldwide. ![]() ![]() Thank you for the feedback and support that help us make this app better. Ownership of any photo is neither stated or implied. Please contact support should there be any infringement. Invite your friends to join us, then enjoy the wallpapers togetherĪll wallpapers submitted by users are to have any copyright credited to their respective owners.With your help, we will make this App better and better Any feedback is welcome! You can send us any questions or suggestions.To solve this problem - At first go to "PRIVACY" option inside "SETTINGS" in your device, then go to "PHOTO" option and turn "ON" access for this app Some users report that they can't save wallpapers.Then you can set them as your home screen or lock screen from there Tap “Download” button to save photos to your Camera Roll. by Keval Septem3 minute read NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope is out there taking some mesmerizing images of galaxies thousands of light years away in space.iPod Touch & iPad users: please connect via wifi Best app for NASA Wallpapers, Backgrounds, Themes, Styles, Images, Icons & Pictures.Enjoy the bonus categories which is a collection of the best wallpapers in the world.Cool collection of HD & Retina Wallpapers, Backgrounds, Images, Photos, Pictures, Icons, Themes & Styles.Best collection of iPhone Wallpapers, iPod Wallpapers, iPad Wallpapers.The Latest Trends and Styles Released Straight to your iOS device.Share wallpapers to Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Viber, WhatsApp, Tumblr, Email & others.Create your own favs category with all of your favorite wallpapers.Get regular content updates automatically.Super fast loading with faster cloud servers near you.Awesome slideshow feature to view all wallpapers without using your finger.You can also upload and share your favorite astronaut iPhone wallpapers. ![]() Wallpapers made to fit on both home screen & lock screen Tons of awesome astronaut iPhone wallpapers to download for free.Optimal for all iOS devices (iPhone, iPod Touch & iPad).Well look no further because this app will provide you with the best themed NASA Wallpapers & Backgrounds you need. Or just looking for a cool way to pimp up your gadget with NASA Wallpapers & Backgrounds? ![]() Īre you looking for amazing NASA Wallpapers & Backgrounds to spicy up your device?.Best NASA Wallpaper & Background app in the app store.And you can download images from NASA to use for the background on your iPhone or Android phone.ĭue to the sheer amount of work and observation that NASA is doing 24/7, its repository of images from space is constantly growing, so if you’re after real-life images of galaxies, planets, and anything else space-related, NASA’s archives are well worth a look. When it comes to space, NASA has perhaps more downloadable content than any other source online. Visit the Unsplash HD Wallpapers page, search for ‘galaxy wallpapers’, and follow the download instructions. Unsplash is another excellent source for high-definition wallpapers, including galaxy wallpapers. Visit the Pixabay HD Pictures or Pixabay Backgrounds page.To download from Pixabay, follow these steps: Pixabay offers stunning galaxy pictures and backgrounds for free. We hope you enjoy our growing collection of HD images to. Pixabay – HD Galaxy Pictures & Galaxy Backgrounds A collection of the top 41 NASA iPhone wallpapers and backgrounds available for download for free. Click the ‘Download’ button to download the wallpaper.Browse the collection and click on the wallpaper you like. ![]()
![]() ![]() A new approach, however, harks back to the original theory of structure-oriented competition policy to preserve innovation, which could mean trouble for Apple and Amazon, both of which oversee platforms that critics claim put smaller companies at a competitive disadvantage. It morphed to the Chicago School approach that took hold in the 1970s and 1980s, with a focus on efficiency, prices and consumer welfare. “This is not just about Apple being a monopolist, but a new way of interpreting antitrust law,” Valarie Williams, an antitrust attorney based in San Francisco who is closely following the case, told MarketWatch.Īntitrust law started with a populist bent, in the protection of mom-and-pop businesses from marauding corporations. In-depth: Big Tech has an antitrust target on its back, and it is only going to get bigger The influence of the case extends well beyond Silicon Valley and could help redefine antitrust law - something lawmakers have been unable to do, despite frequent saber rattling over the influence of Big Tech on the economy and on American culture. ![]() That power has already gotten the attention of the European Union, who on Friday levied antitrust charges against Apple for abusing its dominant position in the music-streaming market on the App Store. ![]() While Apple intends to prove Epic plotted to disrupt the App Store to maximize profits, Epic will insist it was forced to confront Apple after years of unsuccessful negotiations to put an end to what it and others call Apple’s history of using its platform to unfairly limit competition to its products. Ultimately, the outcome of the momentous case hinges on the success of each company’s legal team in selling a narrative. See also: ‘Fortnite’ dispute might open floodgates to serious scrutiny of Apple “This is a tough fight for Epic,” Kerpelman, who has a legal background, told MarketWatch. The onus is on Epic to both show that its contract with Apple is illegal, and that Epic did not breach that contract when it bypassed the App Store with its own store, according to Adam Kerpelman, director of strategy for business-to-business company NetWise. That revenue is based on the large chunk of app developers’ revenue that Apple keeps, which Epic has challenged. Cook has repeatedly highlighted the services business as a formidable engine of growth the past few years. Apple Services, in which the App Store is the crown jewel, hauled in $15.76 billion in the December quarter, up from $12.72 billion in the year-earlier quarter. The 12-year-old App Store is an ecosystem with 28 million members in 227 countries and regions, and it houses 1.8 million apps for more than 1.5 billion iPhone owners. In-depth: Will videogames be the Achilles heel for Apple, Google in antitrust investigations? Later in the trial, Schiller is scheduled to be Apple’s first witness, and, after more expert testimony, Cook is slated to be the iPhone maker’s final witness, during the week of May 17. After Epic and Apple present opening statements, Epic CEO Tim Sweeney is expected to take the stand. The presiding judge is Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers.ĭay 1 in court could shape up as a digital shoot-’em-up. Live audio of the day’s proceedings will be available for up to 500 journalists, two of whom will be designated as pool reporters and report live from the courtroom daily. In a trial that is expected to last three weeks, Apple executives, including CEO Tim Cook, software head Craig Federighi and former top marketing executive Phil Schiller are scheduled to testify, according to a court filing by Apple on April 14. It was Epic’s choice,” Bajarin said.Īpple’s approach: Apple will fight Epic antitrust suit by claiming ‘a carefully planned plot against Apple and Google’Įpic’s game plan: How ‘Fortnite’ maker Epic Games will try to prove Apple is operating App Store as an illegal monopoly “Apple did not force them to sell on their site. The case “will help decide key issues about control of an ecosystem and if a third party can charge their customers on their own terms,” Tim Bajarin, president of market researcher Creative Strategies Inc., told MarketWatch.īajarin and others believe Apple has the stronger case if it “provides a huge audience to Epic and gives still the lion’s share of the profit,” he added. Apple countersued in September, and removed “Fortnite” from its App Store, preventing iPhone users from playing the popular game. Familiar battle lines have hardened since Epic sued Apple in August and attempted to bypass Apple’s 30% commission fee via a server software update that skirted the App Store payments system. ![]() ![]() ![]() A Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA), he has served as a member of the Candidate Curriculum Committee and of the Council of Examiners of the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts. degrees from the University of Arizona and his M.B.A. Joehnk spent a year as a visiting professor of finance at the University of Otago in New Zealand. In addition to his academic appointments at ASU, Dr. Joehnk is an emeritus professor of finance at Arizona State University. He has two grown children and lives with his wife in La Jolla, California, where he is an avid cyclist. Gitman formerly served as a director on the CFP Board of Governors, as Vice President-Financial Education for the Financial Management Association, and as director of the San Diego MIT Enterprise Forum. In addition, he is a Certified Financial Planner (CFP). Gitman is past president of the Academy of Financial Services, the San Diego Chapter of the Financial Executives Institute, the Midwest Finance Association, and the FMA National Honor Society. An active member of numerous professional organizations, Dr. Authors Gitman and Joehnk's INVESTMENT FUNDAMENTALS: A GUIDE TO BECOMING A KNOWLEDGEABLE INVESTOR was selected as one of 1988's ten best personal finance books by Money magazine. He has authored and coauthored numerous best-selling textbooks on various finance and business topics as well as investing. Gitman is a prolific author who has more than 50 articles appearing in Financial Management, the Financial Review, the Journal of Financial Planning, the Journal of Risk and Insurance, the Financial Services Review, the Journal of Financial Research, Financial Practice and Education, the Journal of Financial Education, and other scholarly publications. He received his BA from Purdue University, MBA from the University of Dayton, and PhD from the University of Cincinnati. ![]() Gitman is an emeritus professor of finance at San Diego State University. Worksheet that prepares student for jobs in the real world by learning how to handle cash.Dr. Visit the comic book universe to understand and answer the three basic economic questions: What to produce, how to produce it, and for whom to produce? Pages 11-20 relate to what is money.ĭiscover circular flow across the Planet Novus economy and learn about supply and demand, wants and needs, and the flow of goods and services. Once Upon a Dime is also available in Spanish. Learn the story of the growing economy on Planet Novus and focus on the concepts of barter, currency, and banking. When did we transition from the barter system to using money? This video discusses some of its origin stories. The value of money all comes down to trust. Visit the comic book universe to understand and answer the three basic economic questions: What to produce, how to produce it, and for whom to produce? Pages 1-10 relate to earning and spending money. Pages 4-10 of this workbook walk students through choosing a career. Using career profiles and 360 videos, Let's Go! CAREERS bring students virtually inside the work environment, especially in areas that need skilled workers.Īctivity that encourages students to think about their future self. Worksheet that walks students through setting smart money goals. Worksheet that helps students understand the importance of money goals. Worksheet that helps students explore good savings habits. Video clip from Biz Kid$ that discusses how setting financial goals is important for achieving success. Lights, Camera, Budget! leverages the excitement around the film industry to teach students key personal finance concepts. Interactive activity that helps students develop a personal budget. Money guide from the Money Savvy Generation. Worksheet from the Money Savvy Generation that teaches budgeting and saving basics. PBS video that teaches the costs of pet ownership. Teaches the concepts of money management and budgeting. The classic game is an opportunity to teach the basics of budgeting, saving, and purchasing. Financial education resources and activities that can be done at home. ![]() ![]()
![]() ![]() ![]() To confirm this, the author proposes an approach implying that all the information fixed at the plane is considered to be a professional communicative means necessary for formation of space-dimensional representations in a human mind about a composition in the overall system of the drawing or the image. ![]() The author builds his point of view on the fact that the plane comprises only such structural elements of the existing composition, which clearly reveal its space-dimensional features when compared with each other. In order to show that the perspective was one of the artistic tools for him, the article presents the comparative analysis of one of Piranesi's engravings ("View of Basilica di San Paolo Fuori le Mura" from the series of "Views of Rome") with a perspective model made with the help of a SketchUp software, pictures of layouts and perspective views made with the help of an architect method (the method of the descriptive geometry). Here Piranesi's compositional solutions for his graphic works are compared to his predecessors and contemporaries' beautiful paintings carrying the same motif. The study is based on analyses of the composition of his engravings depicting architecture and space. Petersburg, Russia study is devoted to the recreation of Giovanni Battista Piranesi's compositional thinking. Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Vtoraja Krasnoarmejskaja ul. PERSPECTIVE AS AN ARTISTIC TOOL OF COMPOSITION IN THE ENGRAVINGS BY GIOVANNI BATTISTA PIRANESI Due to the fact that the composition information on the object is broken into pieces and is represented by the system of interrelated orthographic views on the architectural design (on the drawing), in the article we tried to find out the implied logic and the pattern of information disclosure by Giovanni Battista Piranesi with the help of projection views. In order to confirm this hypothesis, the author carried out an analysis of the Pantheon drawings made by Andrea Palladio di Pietro and Giovanni Battista Piranesi. ![]() In order to show that the perspective was one of the artistic tools for him, the article presents the comparative analysis of one of Piranesi’s engravings (“View of Basilica di San Paolo Fuori le Mura” from the series of “Views of Rome”) with a perspective model made with the help of a SketchUp software, pictures of layouts and perspective views made with the help of an architect method (the method of the descriptive geometry). Here Piranesi’s compositional solutions for his graphic works are compared to his predecessors and contemporaries’ beautiful paintings carrying the same motif. This study is devoted to the recreation of Giovanni Battista Piranesi’s compositional thinking. These similarities distinguished the historical drawings from the red chalk mock-up drawings, except for the drawings made with red chalk samples from the area near the town of Theley, Germany, which were shown to bear close similarities to those in the cluster of historical samples.Аннотация научной статьи по строительству и архитектуре, автор научной работы - Chernaya Elena Subsequent FORS analysis of selected original drawings revealed the existence of several closely grouped clusters, implying similarities on the basis of the underlying spectral features among the historical red chalks used in Rome. The compositional differences of these reference chalks were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was possible to sort these mock-up drawings according to chalk type and application technique. The method was tested on mock-up drawings made with recently acquired natural and synthetic red chalks of known origin. The evaluation of spectra was supported by principal component analysis (PCA). The viability of fiber optics reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) for the differentiation of red chalk drawing media was investigated, focusing on the group of drawings from the workshop of Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1720–1778) at the Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe, Germany. ![]() |
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